英语语法知识点详解

从词类、句子骨架到复杂句式的精炼参考。例句简短，规则尽量一目了然。

语法分析方法
词类与句子成分
名词、冠词与限定词
代词
形容词与副词
介词与介词短语
动词、时态与体
被动语态与情态动词
主谓一致
非谓语动词
名词性从句
定语从句
状语从句
条件句与虚拟语气
比较结构
否定、疑问与倒装
强调、替代与省略
并列、插入语、同位语与标点
常见易错搭配
复杂句拆解

一、语法分析方法

英语句子先看主干，再看修饰成分。核心顺序：找限定谓语 → 找主语 → 找宾语、表语或补语 → 分析从句和修饰语。

限定动词带时态、语气，可作分句谓语：She works. They have left.
非谓语动词不独立作限定谓语：to work, working, worked。
一个分句通常有一个限定谓语；主句、从句、并列分句各自有谓语。

The report that she wrote was published yesterday.
主句谓语 was published；定语从句谓语 wrote。

二、词类与句子成分

1. 主要词类

词类	作用	例子
名词	人、物、地点、概念	idea, city
动词	动作、状态、变化	build, seem
形容词	修饰名词或作表语	useful, aware
副词	修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句	carefully, very
代词	代替名词或名词短语	they, someone
冠词/限定词	限定名词范围、数量或归属	a, the, each, my
介词	表示名词与其他成分的关系	in, with, despite
连词	连接词、短语或分句	and, because
感叹词	表达感情或回应	oh, well

词类由用法决定：a fast train（形容词）；run fast（副词）；a morning run（名词）；They run daily（动词）。

2. 句子成分

主语 S：句子谈论对象或动作执行者。
谓语 V：说明主语做什么、是什么、处于何种状态。
宾语 O：动作涉及的对象。
表语 C：说明主语的身份或状态。
宾语补足语 OC：补充说明宾语。
定语：修饰名词；状语：说明时间、地点、原因、方式、程度；同位语：解释名词。

3. 五种基本句型

句型	例句
S + V	Birds fly.
S + V + O	She reads novels.
S + V + C	The answer seems clear.
S + V + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语	He gave me a key.
S + V + O + OC	They elected her chair.

系动词常见有 be, seem, become, remain, appear, feel, look, sound, smell, taste, grow, turn。

The soup tastes good.（系动词 + 形容词）
She tasted the soup.（实义动词 + 宾语）

及物动词需要宾语：discuss the issue；不及物动词不直接接宾语：The problem occurred. 有些动词兼有两种用法：The door opened. / She opened the door.

三、名词、冠词与限定词

1. 可数与不可数名词

可数名词有单复数：a book, two books。
不可数名词通常不加复数词尾：advice, information, furniture, research。
同一名词可数与不可数时含义不同：experience（经验/经历），paper（纸/论文）。
量词表达数量：a piece of advice, two items of information。

复数规则：一般加 -s；以 s/x/ch/sh 结尾加 -es；辅音 + y 变 y 为 i 加 -es。常见不规则：man/men, child/children, foot/feet, mouse/mice。sheep, deer, species 单复数同形。

2. 所有格与名词定语

有生命名词常用 ’s：the student’s notes；复数以 s 结尾加撇号：the students’ notes。
事物关系常用 of：the title of the book。
时间、距离也可用 ’s：today’s news, a mile’s walk。
名词作定语通常用单数：a shoe shop, a language course。
数字 + 单位 + 形容词作定语时，单位常用单数并加连字符：a ten-minute break。

3. 冠词

a/an：单数可数名词泛指或首次提及。依发音选择：a university；an hour。
the：特指、前文提及、语境唯一或被后置成分限定：the book on the desk。
零冠词：泛指复数或不可数名词、学科和语言、球类、多数人名地名：Books matter. She studies biology. play tennis.

常见：序数词和最高级前用 the；乐器前常用 the：the first day, the best option, play the piano。

4. 数量限定词

词	对象与含义
many / few / a few	可数复数：许多 / 几乎没有 / 有几个
much / little / a little	不可数：许多 / 几乎没有 / 有一点
some / any	可数复数或不可数；any 常用于疑问、否定句
several	可数复数：几个
enough	两类均可；名词前、形容词后
plenty of	两类均可：大量

Few people came（几乎没人来）；A few people came（来了几个人）。all 指三者及以上全部，both 指两者都；either 两者之一，neither 两者都不；each 强调个体，every 强调整体成员。

四、代词

1. 人称、物主与反身代词

主格	宾格	形容词性物主代词	名词性物主代词
I	me	my	mine
he	him	his	his
she	her	her	hers
we	us	our	ours
they	them	their	theirs

反身代词：myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves。可表示动作回到主语（She taught herself），也可强调（The author himself came）。

2. 不定代词与替代词

everyone, someone, nobody, everything 等通常按单数处理：Everyone is ready.
both, few, many, several 通常接复数谓语。
it 指同一个已知对象：I bought a pen. It writes well.
one/ones 指同类中的一个/几个：I need a new one.
that/those 常替代带修饰语的名词：the climate here differs from that of the coast.
one…the other 指两者中的一个和另一个；one…another 泛指“一个……另一个”。

形式主语/宾语：

It is useful to take notes.
We found it hard to decide.

五、形容词与副词

1. 形容词位置

名词前：a difficult question。
系动词后作表语：The question is difficult.
宾语后作补语：They found the question difficult.
不定代词后：something important。

2. 副词功能与位置

修饰动词：She spoke clearly.
修饰形容词/副词：highly effective; very carefully。
修饰整句：Fortunately, nobody was hurt.
频率副词通常实义动词前、be 后：She often travels. / She is often busy.

3. 比较等级

短词通常加 -er/-est：small—smaller—smallest；长词常用 more/most：more useful, most useful。辅音+y变 y 为 i；重读闭音节末尾辅音双写。常见不规则：good/well—better—best；bad/badly—worse—worst；little—less—least；many/much—more—most。

比较级可用 much, far, even, a lot 加强：much better。避免重复：more easier ✗；the most easiest ✗。

4. 易混词

-ing 描述事物令人产生感受；-ed 描述人的感受：The lecture was boring. We were bored.
hard（努力地/坚硬的）；hardly（几乎不）。
late（迟）；lately（最近）。
good（形容词）；well（副词，也可表示身体健康）。

六、介词与介词短语

1. 常用介词

时间：at noon, on Monday, in July, since 2020, for two years。
地点：at the station, on the wall, in the room。
方向：to the office, into the room, across the road, through the tunnel。
原因/让步：because of the rain, despite the cost。
方式/工具：by train, with a knife, in writing。

时间介词： at 用具体时刻；on 用具体某一天；in 用月份、年份、季节。by 表“不迟于”；until 表“持续到”；during 表“在期间”；for 表持续多久；since 表从何时起。

2. 常见搭配

interested in, responsible for, similar to, aware of
reason for, effect on, access to, increase in
depend on, belong to, contribute to, result in, result from
insist on, object to, succeed in, prevent someone from doing

介词后接名词或动名词：before leaving, interested in learning。注意：look forward to meeting you，此处 to 是介词。

介词短语可作定语（the key to the door）、状语（with confidence）或表语（on the table）。

七、动词、时态与体

时态表达时间；体表达动作是一般发生、正在进行还是已完成。下表以 work 为例。

时态	结构	主要用法
一般现在	do/does	习惯、事实：She works here.
一般过去	did	过去发生：She worked yesterday.
一般将来	will do	将来预测、决定：She will work tomorrow.
现在进行	am/is/are doing	正在或暂时发生：She is working now.
过去进行	was/were doing	过去某时正在发生
将来进行	will be doing	将来某时正在发生
现在完成	have/has done	过去动作与现在有关：She has finished.
过去完成	had done	过去某时之前已完成
将来完成	will have done	将来某时之前完成
现在完成进行	have/has been doing	持续到现在，强调过程
过去完成进行	had been doing	持续到过去某时
将来完成进行	will have been doing	持续到将来某时

1. 时态要点

明确过去时间（yesterday, in 2020）通常用一般过去时。
since, for, so far, recently 常见于完成时。
by the time + 过去时间 常配过去完成时。
状态动词 know, believe, own, belong, seem 通常不用进行时；动态意义可用进行时：I’m thinking about it.
固定时间表可用一般现在时：The train leaves at six.
近期安排可用现在进行时：I’m meeting Ana tomorrow；计划或迹象可用 be going to。

2. 时态呼应

过去时主句中的宾语从句通常相应后移：She said, “I am tired.” → She said she was tired。客观事实通常不后移：The teacher said that water boils at 100°C。

时间、条件从句表示将来时，通常用一般现在时：Call me when you arrive.

八、被动语态与情态动词

1. 被动语态

结构：be + 过去分词。强调承受动作的对象、执行者未知或不重要。

时态/结构	示例
一般现在	The room is cleaned daily.
一般过去	The room was cleaned yesterday.
现在完成	The room has been cleaned.
过去完成	The room had been cleaned.
将来	The room will be cleaned.
进行	The room is being cleaned.
情态动词	The room must be cleaned.

需要说明执行者时用 by：The novel was written by Orwell。短语动词保留介词：The issue was dealt with carefully。多数不及物动词不能被动：happen, occur, arrive, exist。

双宾语句可有两种被动：

They gave her a prize.
She was given a prize. / A prize was given to her.

2. 情态动词

情态动词后接动词原形；否定直接加 not，疑问时情态动词提前。

情态词	常见意义
can/could	能力、可能、请求
may/might	许可、可能
must	必须；推测“一定”
should/ought to	应该；按理推测
will/would	将来、意愿、习惯、委婉
need/dare	需要、敢于

情态动词 + have + 过去分词：

must have done：过去一定做了。
may/might have done：过去可能做了。
can’t have done：过去不可能做了。
should have done：本应该做（常暗示没做）。
could have done：本可以做；也可表示过去可能。
needn’t have done：做了，但其实没必要。

半情态结构：have to（不得不）；be able to（能够）；be supposed to（应该）；had better（最好）；used to do（过去常做）；be used to doing（习惯于）。

九、主谓一致

谓语与主语中心词一致；主语后的介词短语和插入语通常不改变一致关系。

The quality of these products is high.

常见规则

主语结构	谓语	例句
each/every + 单数名词	单数	Every student has a card.
each of + 复数名词	单数	Each of them is ready.
one of + 复数名词	单数	One of the rooms is empty.
a number of + 复数名词	复数	A number of people are waiting.
the number of + 复数名词	单数	The number has risen.
A and B	通常复数	Tom and Lee are here.
A or B / either…or…	常就近一致	Either the teacher or students are coming.
时间、距离、金额作整体	单数	Ten dollars is enough.
everyone, nobody 等	单数	Everyone knows this.

集合名词 family, team, committee 表整体时通常单数；强调成员时部分英语变体可用复数，保持上下文一致。There be 结构的谓语常与后置主语一致：There are two examples.

定语从句中的谓语与先行词一致：

She is one of the students who work hard.
She is the only one of the students who works hard.

十、非谓语动词

非谓语包括不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词，可作名词、定语、状语或补语，但不独立作限定谓语。

1. 不定式 to do

主语：To forgive is difficult.
宾语：She hopes to return.
表语：Her plan is to leave early.
定语：a book to read
目的状语：He called to apologize。

常见搭配：agree, decide, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, seem, tend + to do。
结构：allow/ask/tell/encourage + sb. + to do；make/let/have + sb. + do。

2. 动名词 doing

作名词：Swimming is relaxing. / She enjoys swimming.

常接动名词：admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, finish, imagine, mind, miss, practice, quit, suggest。
固定结构：be busy doing；have difficulty doing；spend time doing；prevent someone from doing。

3. 分词

现在分词 doing：多表示主动或进行。
the woman standing by the door；Seeing the sign, we stopped.
过去分词 done：多表示被动或完成。
the documents signed yesterday；Encouraged by her teacher, she continued.

4. 逻辑主语与悬垂修饰

非谓语动作的执行者要明确，通常与句子主语一致：

Walking home, Maya called me.（Maya 在走回家）

不当：

✗ Walking home, the rain began.
✓ Walking home, I noticed the rain.

独立主格可有自己的逻辑主语：Weather permitting, we will leave.

5. 非谓语的时态与语态

结构	常见意义
to do	一般/将来动作
to be doing	正在进行
to have done	先于谓语完成
to be done	被动
to have been done	已完成的被动
doing	主动、进行
being done	正在被……
having done	先于谓语完成
having been done	先于谓语完成且被动

6. 感官动词与使役动词

make/let/have + 宾语 + 动词原形：They made us wait.
get + 宾语 + to do：She got him to help.
see/hear/watch + 宾语 + do：感知动作全过程。
see/hear/watch + 宾语 + doing：感知动作正在发生。
make 的被动结构常用 to：He was made to wait。
have + 宾语 + 过去分词：请人做或遭遇某事：I had my car repaired.

7. doing 与 to do 意义不同

动词	doing	to do
remember/forget	记得/忘记做过	记得/忘记要做
stop	停止做	停下来去做
try	试着做	努力做
regret	后悔做过	遗憾地要说/通知
mean	意味着	打算做

I remember locking the door.（记得锁过）
Remember to lock the door.（记得去锁）

十一、名词性从句

名词性从句在句中作主语、宾语、表语或同位语；从句内部用陈述语序。

类型	示例
主语从句	What she said surprised us.
宾语从句	I believe that she is right.
表语从句	The question is whether it will work.
同位语从句	the belief that effort matters

从句较长时可用形式主语 it：It is clear that he resigned。

引导词

that：只连接，不在从句中作成分：I know that she left.
whether/if：是否：I wonder whether she left.
what：……的事/物，在从句中作成分：What she needs is time.
who/whom/whose/which：在从句中作相应成分。
when/where/why/how：时间、地点、原因、方式。

对比：

I know that he left.（知道这件事）
I know why he left.（知道原因）

以下位置通常用 whether：句首主语从句、介词后、不定式前、whether or not：Whether he agrees is unknown; depend on whether; decide whether to stay。

十二、定语从句

定语从句修饰名词或代词，被修饰成分叫先行词。

1. 关系代词

关系词	常指代	从句中作用
who	人	主语、宾语
whom	人	宾语（较正式）
whose	人或物	所有格定语
which	物/动物	主语、宾语
that	人或物	主语、宾语；常用于限制性从句

The woman who called is my manager.
The book that I borrowed is useful.
a house whose roof is red

关系代词作宾语时常可省略：the film (that) we watched。

2. 关系副词

where = in/at which：the room where we met。
when = on/at which：the year when she graduated。
why = for which：the reason why he left。

选择关系词要看从句缺什么：

the town where I live（缺地点状语）
the town which I visited（缺宾语）

3. 限制性与非限制性从句

限制性：界定先行词范围，不用逗号，常可用 that。
People who exercise regularly often sleep better.
非限制性：补充信息，用逗号，通常不用 that。
My brother, who lives abroad, is visiting.

4. 介词 + 关系代词

the topic about which we spoke
the person to whom I wrote

介词也可放在从句末尾：the topic which we spoke about。介词前置时关系代词不可省略，通常不用 that。

5. which 指代整件事

She missed the train, which upset her.

此处 which 指代前面整件事，常用于非限制性从句。

十三、状语从句

关系	常见引导词	示例
时间	when, while, as, before, after, until, since, once	Wait until I return.
地点	where, wherever	Sit where you like.
原因	because, since, as, now that	We left because it was late.
条件	if, unless, provided that, as long as	Unless you hurry, you’ll miss it.
让步	although, though, even though, even if, while	Though tired, she continued.
目的	so that, in order that	Speak slowly so that we can follow.
结果	so…that, such…that	It was so cold that the lake froze.
比较	than, as…as	She is taller than I am.
方式	as, as if, as though	Do it as I showed you.

易混关系词

while：一段时间内；也可表示“虽然”。
when：当……时；可接短暂或持续动作。
as：随着、同时。
until：直到；not…until = 直到……才。
unless ≈ if…not。
even if 表假设；even though 表事实。
because 表原因；so 表结果，同一关系通常不重复使用 because…so。
so + 形容词/副词 + that；such + 名词短语 + that。

时间、条件从句表示将来时，常用一般现在时：If it rains, we will stay home。

主从句主语相同且从句含 be 时，状语从句可省略主语和 be：

When (you are) ready, press the button.

十四、条件句与虚拟语气

1. 真实条件

普遍事实：If you heat ice, it melts.
现实可能：If it rains, we will stay inside.

2. 非真实条件

假设时间	if 从句	主句
与现在相反	did / were	would do
与过去相反	had done	would have done
对将来假设性较强	did / were to do / should do	would do

If I were free, I would go.
If she had called, I would have answered.
If it were to snow, we would stay home.

条件和结果时间不同，称错综条件句：

If he had taken the job, he would live abroad now.

3. 省略 if 的倒装

Had I known, I would have helped.
Were she here, she would agree.
Should you need help, call me.

4. wish / if only

现在愿望：I wish I knew the answer.
过去遗憾：I wish I had listened.
对将来的不满：I wish it would stop raining.

5. 建议、要求类结构

表示建议、要求、命令、必要性时，正式英语常用 (should) + 动词原形：

They insisted that he (should) stay.
It is vital that every member be informed.

常见动词：suggest, recommend, demand, request, require, insist, propose, order。suggest 表“暗示”时不一定触发虚拟：The results suggest that more work is needed.

其他结构：

It is time + 主语 + 过去式：It is time we left.
would rather + 主语 + 过去式：I’d rather you stayed.
as if/as though + 虚拟形式：He talks as if he knew everything.
without/but for：But for your help, I would have failed.
otherwise/or else 表隐含条件：We left early; otherwise, we would have missed the train.

十五、比较结构

1. 基本形式

原级：as + 原级 + as；否定 not as/so…as。
比较级：比较级 + than。
最高级：the + 最高级 + 范围。
比较级前可用 much, far, even, a lot：much better。

2. 常见结构

the + 比较级…, the + 比较级…：The more you practice, the better you become.
比较级 + and + 比较级：The days are getting shorter and shorter.
more A than B：与其说 B 不如说 A；具体含义看语境。
no more than：仅仅；not more than：不超过。
no less than：不少于/竟达；not less than：至少。
倍数：twice as large as；three times the size of。

比较对象要一致：

The population of A is larger than that of B.
The books here are cheaper than those in that shop.

十六、否定、疑问与倒装

1. 否定

be、助动词、情态动词后加 not：She is not ready.
实义动词借助 do：He does not agree.
否定词：nobody, nothing, nowhere, never。
部分否定：not all, not both, not always, not necessarily。

Not all birds can fly.（并非所有鸟都会飞）

2. 疑问句

一般疑问句：助动词/be/情态动词 + 主语：Are you ready? Has she arrived? 没有助动词时用 do：Do you agree?

特殊疑问句：疑问词 + 助动词 + 主语：Where do they live?
疑问词本身作主语时不倒装：Who called? What happened?

附加疑问句：

She is ready, isn’t she?
They didn’t call, did they?

Let’s… → shall we?；祈使句常用 will you?；I am… → aren’t I?

3. 倒装

完全倒装：地点或方向成分句首：On the hill stood an old castle。

部分倒装：助动词/情态动词/be 提到主语前。

否定词句首：Never have I seen this.
Not until：Not until noon did he arrive.
Only + 状语：Only then did I understand.
Not only…but also：Not only did she sing, but she also danced.
So/Neither/Nor 表“也”：I agreed, and so did he.

Only 修饰主语时不倒装：Only Maria knew the answer。
让步倒装：Young as he is, he is responsible；Try as she might, she could not move it。

十七、强调、替代与省略

1. 强调句

It is/was + 强调部分 + that/who + 其他成分

It was the map that helped us.
It was Lily who found the key.

去掉强调框架后，剩余内容通常可还原为完整句子。

肯定句可用 do/does/did 强调：I do understand. She did call yesterday。

2. 替代

one/ones：替代同类名词；it：指同一个对象。
do so：替代前文动作：She promised to help and did so.
so/not：替代肯定或否定内容：I think so. / I hope not.

3. 省略

并列句可省重复成分：She likes tea; he, coffee。
不定式可省重复动词：I wanted to go, but couldn’t。
上下文已知信息可在回答中省略：Who called? — Anna.
从句主语与主句相同且含 be 时可省略：When ready, press the button。

十八、并列、插入语、同位语与标点

1. 并列结构

常见连词：and（并列/递进），but/yet（转折），or（选择/否则），so（结果），nor（也不）。

成对结构：both…and；either…or；neither…nor；not only…but also；whether…or。并列成分应形式平行：

She enjoys reading, writing, and teaching.

2. 插入语与同位语

插入语补充说明或表达态度：The answer, in my opinion, is clear。

同位语解释名词：

Mina, our new manager, will speak first.
the belief that effort matters

区分：

the idea that everyone accepted：定语从句，that 作 accepted 的宾语。
the idea that everyone should help：同位语从句，说明 idea 内容。

3. 标点

逗号：列表、插入语、非限制性从句。
分号：连接语义紧密的独立分句。
冒号：引出解释、例子或列表。
破折号：补充或强调插入信息。
撇号：所有格或缩写。

两个完整句不能只用逗号连接；改用句号、分号或并列连词。

十九、常见易错搭配

易错	推荐写法	原因
discuss about the plan	discuss the plan	discuss 后直接接宾语
despite of the rain	despite the rain / in spite of the rain	不混合两种结构
although…but	although… / …but…	避免重复连接
because…so	because… / …so…	避免重复连接
suggest sb. to do	suggest that sb. do / suggest doing	suggest 常见结构
look forward to meet	look forward to meeting	to 是介词
used to getting（过去常做）	used to get	used to do 表过去习惯
be used to get	be used to getting	be used to doing 表习惯于
information are	information is	information 通常不可数
one of the student	one of the students	one of + 复数名词
more easier	easier	不重复比较标记
the most easiest	the easiest	不重复最高级标记
He made me to wait.	He made me wait.	make + 宾语 + 原形
I am agree.	I agree.	agree 是动词
marry with someone	marry someone / be married to someone	常见搭配
enter into the room	enter the room	enter 可直接接宾语
return back	return	return 已含“回来/归还”义
a large amount of people	a large number of people	people 为可数复数

二十、复杂句拆解

五步分析

圈出限定谓语，区分主句、从句与非谓语。
标出连接词，判断并列、从属和逻辑关系。
找主句主干：主语 + 谓语 + 必要宾语/表语。
逐层挂接修饰语：从句修饰谁？介词短语作何成分？
还原倒装、省略和强调，再按中文逻辑表达。

示例

The claim that technology improves learning, which many teachers support, remains controversial.

主干：The claim remains controversial。
同位语从句：that technology improves learning，解释 claim。
定语从句：which many teachers support，修饰 claim。
译文：技术能够改善学习这一观点——许多教师支持这一观点——仍有争议。

自检清单

主语中心词和主句谓语是什么？
有几个限定谓语，分别属于哪个分句？
从句是名词性、定语还是状语从句？
非谓语动作由谁执行或承受？
代词指代是否明确？
比较对象是否对应？
否定词和限定词的范围是什么？
是否有倒装、强调或省略？

学习要领： 先搭骨架，再辨修饰；先确认结构，再处理词义和语境。